Data from the REFORM trial (NCT04674020) provide valuable insights into cortical inflammation in adults with migraines, using a novel quantitative, multimodal MRI technique to compare these patients with age- and gender-matched healthy controls, enhancing our understanding of migraine biology and other headache disorders. The discussion also covers cluster headaches, focusing on a study that examines premonitory symptoms in affected individuals and highlights key phenotypic characteristics. Additionally, we explore findings from the European Migraine & Headache Alliance on the stigma surrounding migraines, which yield insightful and actionable results. Looking ahead, the focus shifts to the latest data on new medications for preventing and treating migraine attacks, discussing future prospects and identifying areas in headache disorder management that still need further attention.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a group of relapsing autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. The clinical hallmarks of NMOSD are myelitis and optic neuritis; however, a wider clinical spectrum has been recognized.1 The majority of patients with ...

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a worldwide distribution.1 The first clinical description of NMOSD was made a century ago by Devic and Gault, who documented patients with ...

Case study Patient information A 42-year-old woman presented in the emergency department with acute onset whole-body myoclonic jerks for 1 day. On enquiry, the patient’s parents advised that she had a history of depression over the past 15 years. Intermittently, family ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration. Natalizumab is a widely used anti-α4 integrin inhibitor for treating highly active MS. In the pivotal trials of natalizumab for MS, ...

Highlights Limb–joint contractures may represent an important clinical clue of muscle dystrophies, as they limit the spectrum of the diagnosis assumptions. Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies phenotype can rarely be a clinical presentation of retractile myopathies, except for non-specific Achilles ...

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), first characterized in 1931,1 is a non-specific clinical syndrome of polyfocal central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelination; it is characterized by encephalopathy and large, poorly demarcated cerebral white matter lesions.2,3 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), ...

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition affecting over 750 million people globally.1 The disease causes acid from the stomach to reflux into the oesophagus, leading to epigastric discomfort, cough, sore throat and chest pain.1 Left untreated, this disease can ...

Over the past two decades, monoclonal antibodies targeting the surface antigen CD20 have emerged as highly effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS).1 The major mechanism of action of these therapies is via B-cell depletion, as CD20 is expressed ...