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Cognitive impairment is the hallmark symptom of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), including psychosis, agitation and mood disturbances, are common not only in AD but also in Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia.1–5 Psychotic symptoms have been reported to be present in 12–74% of patients with AD, with […]

Diabetic striatopathy (DS) is a rare hyperglycaemic condition associated with one or both of the following criteria: (1) acute-onset chorea–ballism (random, flowing and nonsuppressible involuntary movements) and (2) striatal hyperdensity on computed tomography (CT) scan or T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).1,2 DS is generally considered a complication of poorly controlled non-ketotic hyperglycaemia with acute hyperglycaemic surge, although […]

While Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is perhaps best characterized by cognitive decline, more than 90% of patients with dementia exhibit behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.1 The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging describes six areas of neuropsychiatric behavioural abnormalities in patients with AD and other dementias, comprising aggression, apathy, […]

Neuroprotective Strategies in Traumatic Brain Injury Peter JD Andrews Western General Hospital NHS Trust and University of Edinburgh, UK Any severe trauma to the brain results in the activation of a cascade of biochemical pathways and release of chemical mediators. The innate response includes pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines etc., that are responsible for aggravating brain injury, […]

Respiratory Function Loss and Respiratory Endpoints in DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and devastating type of muscular dystrophy. Lack of the protein dystrophin causes severe and progressive myofibre degeneration, general muscle weakness and wasting. With increasing age, DMD patients are confronted with loss of ambulation, loss of upper limb function, cardiac […]

Diabetes and ischaemic stroke are common conditions that often co-occur. The relationship between diabetes and stroke is bidirectional. On the one hand, people with diabetes have a more than two-fold increased risk of ischaemic stroke compared to people without diabetes.1 On the other hand, acute stroke can give rise to abnormalities in glucose metabolism, which […]

The baroreflex is one of the most important neural mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation. Baroreceptors in the carotids, cardiac chambers and the aortic arch are activated by changes in blood pressure. The information from baroreceptors relays in the nucleus tractus solitarius and the ventrolateral medulla and is further processed in regions including the insula, […]