The prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is approximately 3% of the population, with incidence on the rise due to the increased utilization of neuro-imaging for diverse objectives.1,2 The average risk of rupture for unruptured IA is estimated to vary from 0.3% ...

Highlights Limb–joint contractures may represent an important clinical clue of muscle dystrophies, as they limit the spectrum of the diagnosis assumptions. Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies phenotype can rarely be a clinical presentation of retractile myopathies, except for non-specific Achilles ...

Understanding MS Better in 2014Contribution of Epidemiological factorsMultiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be an immune-mediated neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with heterogeneous clinical presentation and course, neuroimaging and pathological findings. Several genetic and environmental ...

Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II, OMIM 309900), is a rare progressive X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by deleterious mutations in the iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S) gene, leading to a deficiency of the enzyme.1,2 I2S is required for the catabolism of the ...

First described by Willis in 1672 and described in more detail by Ekbom in 1945, restless legs syndrome (RLS) or Willis–Ekbom disease (WED) is defined as a sensorimotor disorder in which the initial sensory symptom consists of an irresistible urge to ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most commonly used noninvasive imaging modality for epilepsy diagnosis, etiologic classification, and management. MRI is mandatory for all patients with new onset epilepsy, particularly for those who do not respond to medication. The primary ...

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and the second leading cause of death in developed countries.1 Despite progress in stroke treatment, 20–30 % of strokes result in death within one month and 70–80 % result in significant long-term disability.2–4 Improved preventative and ...

Gliomas are primitive cerebral tumours representing a heterogeneous group of intra-axial central nervous system neoplasms of glial origin with different histology, behaviour, molecular characteristics, natural history and thus prognosis.1–4 Four distinct tumour grades have been identified according to the degree ...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, and worldwide affects 20–30 million individuals over 60 years of age. In 1907 Alois Alzheimer first described AD following an autopsy on the brain of a 55-year-old women who had died following ...