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Article highlights Multiple screening tests are available to screen patients for cognitive impairment, and the Confusion Assessment Method is a helpful test to screen for delirium in the immediate postoperative period. Medicine reconciliation and identification and removal of potentially inappropriate medications per Beer’s list are important tasks that should not be overlooked, especially during a preoperative appointment. […]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition that predominantly affects older people, with a rising prevalence worldwide.1,2 There are many on-going challenges and unmet needs in PD: difficulties in making an accurate diagnosis (particularly in the early stages of the disease), troubling side effects associated with the available pharmacological treatments, a lack of effective disease-modifying therapies […]

Prof. K. Ray Chaudhuri is Professor of Neurology/Movement Disorders at King’s College Hospital and King’s College London and Director of the Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence at King’s College. He is Chairman of the Industry Engagement Committee, and Co Chair Task force of the Parkinson Wellness committee of the Movement Disorders Society (MDS and […]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by prodromal and clinical stages; the clinical phase is characterized by a constellation of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS).1 Despite the extensive discussions and publications of the clinical heterogeneity of PD,2 the precise heterogeneous pathological mechanisms, the natural history of PD and the progression pattern of many NMS remain unclear.3–7 There have also […]

Introduction The term ‘stroke’ is used to describe an adverse clinical state involving interference of blood circulation to the brain due to obstruction or rupture of blood vessels.1 Stroke was previously categorized into a cardiovascular disorder until the release of the International Classification of Disease 11 (ICF-11) in 2018, when stroke was recognized as a neurological […]

In modern medicine, the concept of wellness is accompanied by many misconceptions. Adopting wellness as a treatment approach has been well defined and implemented in cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some types of cancer management but has not yet been widely applied to neurologic diseases.1–5 The commercialization of the wellness industry has led to the misconception of wellness as expensive and only accessible to a niche population […]

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition affecting over 750 million people globally.1 The disease causes acid from the stomach to reflux into the oesophagus, leading to epigastric discomfort, cough, sore throat and chest pain.1 Left untreated, this disease can lead to oesophagitis, gastritis, oesophageal metaplasia, gastrointestinal ulcers, strictures and bleeding.2 For mild cases of acid disorders, […]

Despite the use of various concurrent antiseizure medications (ASMs), over 30% of patients with focal onset seizures have persistent, uncontrolled seizures.1 Hence, the search for new ASMs with better efficacy and tolerability is continuing. Voltage-gated potassium ion channels (Kv) repolarize neuronal action potentials, thus making potassium channel “openers” potentially attractive targets for the development of […]

Myoclonus is defined as a sudden, brief, lightning-like muscle contraction.1 It was first described by Friedreich in 1881 when he detailed sharp jerks involving the bulk of a full muscle without marked limb or joint movement and called it paramyoclonus multiplex.2 Myoclonus may be described as either positive myoclonus (increase in contraction activity) or negative myoclonus (inhibition […]