Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition that predominantly affects older people, with a rising prevalence worldwide.1,2 There are many on-going challenges and unmet needs in PD: difficulties in making an accurate diagnosis (particularly in the early stages of the disease), troubling side effects associated with the available pharmacological treatments, a lack of effective disease-modifying therapies […]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by prodromal and clinical stages; the clinical phase is characterized by a constellation of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS).1 Despite the extensive discussions and publications of the clinical heterogeneity of PD,2 the precise heterogeneous pathological mechanisms, the natural history of PD and the progression pattern of many NMS remain unclear.3–7 There have also […]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, with its incidence increasing globally.1 With disease progression, the benefit from medications shortens, and symptom control becomes strictly dependent on peripheral levodopa (L-dopa) levels, leading to the development of daily fluctuations of motor and non-motor symptoms severity and L-dopa-induced […]