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Test your knowledge
Why has PIRA become more clinically relevant in the modern disease-modifying therapy (DMT) era?
Relapses and progression are now understood to be identical processes
Relapse activity may be reduced while disability accrual still continues
PIRA is only seen after conversion to secondary progressive MS
PIRA can be diagnosed using MRI alone
Test your knowledge
Which clinical change may be missed by an EDSS-centred approach?
New gadolinium-enhancing lesions
Subtle cognitive or upper limb impairment
Acute optic neuritis
New spinal cord lesions
Test your knowledge
What is a key current limitation of AI-supported tools in MS care?
AI eliminates the need for human clinical oversight
AI tools are already fully validated for routine MS progression monitoring
AI cannot be applied to MRI, EHR or wearable data
Real-time, scalable and clinically interpretable use remains challenging
Test your knowledge
Which biological mechanism is discussed as contributing to PIRA?
Acute relapse activity alone
Compartmentalised CNS inflammation involving microglia and astrocytes
Peripheral infection
Vascular disease only
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