touchREVIEWS in Neurology Volume 21, Issue 1, 2025

It is my pleasure to introduce the 2025 of touchREVIEWS in Neurology, which brings together an exceptional collection of reviews, original research and congress highlights that reflect the continued evolution of neurological science and clinical innovation. This issue opens with Jelle Demeestere and Sarah Gorey’s editorial on the 2025 European Stroke Organisation Conference (ESOC), which […]

Acute ischaemic stroke management Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bridging intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to direct endovascular treatment (EVT) for large-vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes within 4.5 hours of onset have failed to show inferiority of direct EVT. Moreover, bridging IVT showed possible benefit, particularly within the first 2 hours after symptom onset.1,2 The Intravenous rhTNK-tPA […]

Between 60% and 80% of cases with dementia worldwide are caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), making it the most prevalent type of dementia.1 As of 2025, approximately 60 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and by 2050, projections suggest a rise to nearly 210 million.2 Age is the strongest risk factor, with AD affecting nearly half […]

Seizures are one of the most frequent neurological disorders in neonates − the incidence of seizures in infants born at term is 1–3 per 1,000 live births, and is even higher in both preterm and very-low-birth-weight infants at 1–13 per 1,000 live births.1 Seizures may signify serious malfunction of, or damage to, the immature brain and […]

Epilepsy affects approximately 1% of the global population, with one-third of patients remaining refractory to medical therapy.1 Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), defined as the failure of two appropriately chosen antiseizure medications (ASMs) to achieve seizure freedom, poses significant risks, including injury and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).2 Early identification of DRE is critical to enable timely exploration […]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, which ultimately leads to muscle weakness, atrophy, spasticity and contractures.1 ALS typically manifests in the 50–60 years age range, although familial cases may present in late adolescence or early adulthood.2 The time from the first symptom to diagnosis is approximately 10–16 […]

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is caused by an expansion of cytosine, adenine, guanine (CAG) repeats within the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which is located on chromosome 4. This pathological expansion of CAG repeats results in the production of a mutant huntingtin protein with an abnormally long polyglutamine […]

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal, autosomal-dominant, neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, located on chromosome 4p16.3. When this repeat exceeds 36 units, it leads to the synthesis of a mutant HTT (mHTT) protein, which aggregates and disrupts numerous cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial function, axonal transport and […]

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare, autoimmune neurological disorder in which peripheral nerve demyelination typically results in weakness, impaired limb sensation, fatigue and pain.1–4 CIDP may adversely affect activities of daily living, with a substantial impact on functional ability and psychological well-being.2–6 Primary treatment goals are reducing symptoms, improving functional status and maintaining long-term remission.7 The […]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of upper and lower motor neurons that results in progressive motor impairment. ALS is the most common disease of motor neurons with an annual incidence of approximately 1.7–2.5 per 100,000 people. It is a terminal condition with a typical life expectancy of 2–5 years from symptom onset. […]

The prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is approximately 3% of the population, with incidence on the rise due to the increased utilization of neuro-imaging for diverse objectives.1,2 The average risk of rupture for unruptured IA is estimated to vary from 0.3% to exceeding 15% per 5 years.3 Ruptured IA is the primary aetiology of […]

In general, headaches can be classified into primary headaches (where no underlying disease is found) and secondary headaches (where a predefined condition is the cause of the headache). According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition (ICHD-3), primary headache types include migraine, tension-type headache, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TAC) and other primary headache disorders […]